1. A "related" witness, who is also an injured witness, who may be naturally present at the scene of the crime, his testimony should not be dismissed simply because of his relationship to the victim and the Court must assess the reliability, consistency, and coherence of his statement rather than labeling him as untrustworthy.

2. Where the prosecution fails to conclusively establish the minority of the victim, the provisions of the POCSO Act may not be attracted. However, if the evidence on record, particularly the consistent and trustworthy testimony of the victim, duly corroborated by medical evidence (MLC) and forensic science laboratory (FSL) report indicating presence of seminal stains and human sperm on the victim’s body and clothing, establishes that she was abducted and subjected to sexual assault by multiple accused acting in furtherance of a common intention, conviction under Sections 366 and 376D IPC is fully sustainable. Absence of injuries or a conclusive medical opinion does not negate the offence, and each accused, being part of the group, is constructively liable for the act of gang rape irrespective of individual role.

3. Properties acquired prior to the alleged offence are not automatically immune from attachment under the PMLA. The definition of “proceeds of crime” under Section 2(1)(u) includes not only tainted property but also its equivalent value, reflecting a broad legislative intent. Where the actual proceeds are unavailable or untraceable, authorities may attach other properties of equivalent value, even if lawfully acquired or purchased earlier. Such attachment aims to prevent offenders from retaining the economic benefits of crime.

4. Testimony of the victim is vital, and unless compelling reasons exist necessitating corroboration, the Court may safely act upon the testimony of the victim of sexual assault alone to convict an accused where it inspires confidence and is found to be reliable, particularly when it is duly strengthened by corroborative medical evidence indicating pregnancy during the relevant period and further supported by DNA analysis of the child, lending scientific assurance to the prosecution version.

5. Repeated or indirect attempts to reopen concluded issues through collateral proceedings are impermissible and barred by the principles of res judicata and finality.

6. Frivolous and motivated petitions filed under the guise of public interest, liable to be discouraged by imposition of exemplary costs. A litigant invoking PIL jurisdiction must approach the Court with clean hands and clean objective.

7. In cases of rape, the offence causes an incurable dent in the victim’s personal sovereignty; her testimony, if found credible and trustworthy, can be relied upon without corroboration, as she stands on a higher pedestal than an injured witness, and conviction can be sustained even in the absence of physical injuries on her body.

8. Article 137 of Limitation Act will not be applicable to a complaint u/S 31(1) of Real Estate (Regulation And Development) Act, 2016 filed before the Real Estate Regulatory Authority (RERA).

9. Conviction can be made on the basis of sole testimony of the victim when her deposition is found to be trustworthy, unblemished, credible and her evidence is of sterling quality, even if her medical/scientific report is found to be negative.

10. The DNA report, being scientifically accurate, can be accepted as sufficient proof of the involvement of the accused in the offence of rape with the victim unless it is absolutely tainted for non-acceptance of the same, particularly when the other circumstances, like injuries found on the body of the victim and the FSL report regarding the presence of semen in the vaginal slides of the victim, have duly corroborated the allegation and are sufficient to base the conviction of the accused.